Protecting Nature

Ensuring Nature Ensuring Nature For what reason would it be a good idea for us to ensure nature? Earth is our home and we need to adore it. In earth are things people required however they decimate them and never stress over it. â€Å"Many creatures are in termination due to earth destruction.† ( Charman , 1) Animals are vanishing since individuals dont spare nature. â€Å"Flora and fauna is obliterating in light of the fact that we dont deal with it.† (Laguna de Terminos 1) Flora and fauna hurt as a result of the considerable number of harms we have done to it. â€Å"Global warming is going on again and again yet nobody consider it.† (Protecting the home we lice in) Global warming is happening all over earth however we dont care about it. This is going on in light of the fact that we never stress over our home and its issues. We all dont spare the excellent heaven god gave us. â€Å"Many creatures are in annihilation on account of earth devastation. Creatures are in eradication on the grounds that new species are better in getting and on living space. Others are in annihilation as a result of changes and pulverization of nature. Individuals chase creatures and devastate their home. They likewise put different creatures for getting their assets and condition. Creatures eradication happens as a result of humans.† (Charman 1) As indicated by Andy Charman creatures are in elimination since us all pulverize their natural surroundings and slaughter them. Changes in nature happen due to what we have done to the earth they trade creatures for more grounded ones. Likewise we all devastate planet, and that make changes in nature, yet creatures are not adjusted to the progressions so incredible. Now and again we need just a single piece of a creature and we murder them for a senseless thing. Annihilation happens in view all things considered. Widely varied vegetation is devastating in light of the fact that we dont deal with it. â€Å"It is obliterating from multiple points of view. One of them is deforestation and natural surroundings pulverization. Another is pollution of the fluvial tidal pond frameworks by microscopic organisms and agrochemicals. Additionally oil investigation and creation annihilate vegetation and fauna.† (Laguna de Terminos1) As per Laguna de Terminos, verdure is obliterating in light of the fact that individuals need to improve economy and different things. Individuals never stress over their needs in condition. Individuals make frameworks and machines that make microscopic organisms that destroy nature. We never deal with what we truly requirement for living and making due on earth. All nature encourages us endure, however one day, numerous issues will face and we will be grieved about not ensuring nature. â€Å"Biodiversity is an issue for researchers and it causes widely varied vegetation to be affected†. (CBBC1) All people causes biodiversity to crush and furthermore make verdure begin vanishing. Biodiversity is imperative to all plants and creatures however we pulverize so plants and creatures kick the bucket. We begin pulverizing one thing of nature and everything starts to devastate continuously. We never stress over obliterating one easily overlooked detail of our condition since we never figure how things can begin vanishing. Biodiversity its required by vegetation yet while people obliterate it, greenery likewise pulverizes. â€Å"Global warming is going on again and again however nobody considers it. Temperature increments and executes many living things. An Earth-wide temperature boost makes the ocean rise and water covers numerous islands. Likewise an Earth-wide temperature boost happens on account of electrical contamination. A dangerous atmospheric devation harm numerous pieces of the world and once in a while that parts are places where living things discover their food yet when it is pulverize there no food anymore.†(Protecting the home we live in.1) As indicated by â€Å"Protecting the home we live in†, an Earth-wide temperature boost makes things change and slaughter many living things. Individuals make a dangerous atmospheric devation occurs by power yet they dont mind and get things done to forestall a worldwide temperature alteration. An unnatural weather change harm numerous spots that living things get their food yet we are oblivious and imagine that nothing occur and that we can fix everything is crushed. â€Å"Global warming additionally makes ailment spread all over numerous nations such huge numbers of individuals bite the dust. It makes increment the power of warmth waves and cause typhoons or tornadoes.† (Environmental Graffiti.1) Global warming makes infections spread all through the world and slaughter numerous creatures. It likewise influences heat so creatures begin kicking the bucket since they dont adjust to the earth, plants and people, as well. A dangerous atmospheric devation has numerous impacts in people and in nature. The sicknesses and warmth cause nature to crush gradually and furthermore make some geographic mishaps like typhoons or tornadoes. All the infections harm every living thing and a few times all nature. â€Å"It additionally happens in light of the fact that we squander water.† (naturehero1) We likewise squander water in things we dont truly need and an unnatural weather change begins progressing. Water is significant yet we dont understand the significance and waste it generally. Individuals never deal with the things they need and that no one but nature can give them. All people need water however everybody overlooks that and begins squandering it in senseless things. We overlook the things we requirement for enduring extraordinarily water and we dont understand that obliviousness we all have. We ought to ensure nature since we obliterate our home and others home. Earth is our home and we have love it and caring it. On the off chance that we deal with it, nothing will be harm and numerous individuals, creatures , and plants could live better . An unnatural weather change and elimination won't occur when we stress over earth and deal with it. Greenery won't be crush and vanish for eternity. Anything will be tainted and we won't pass on soon and endure any awful illness. We will have the best home ever and will be excellent. Nature help us a great deal in things we need like water and food yet by devastating nature every one of that things will vanish and we could pass on or starve . Work Cited 1. CBBC. CBBC community for the Balkan biodiversity protection. College of Novi Sad. June 18 22, 2008.WEB 2. Charman, Andy. Miracle Why the Dodo and different inquiries concerning terminated and imperiled creatures. New York: kingfisher. 1996. WEB 3. Ecological Graffiti. 5 Deadliest Effects of Global Warming. Tue, Sep 11, 2007.WEB. 4. Laguna de Terminos. â€Å"Flora and fauna assurance area.†Laguna de Terminos. Web. 5. Ensuring the Home We Live In: Environmental Issues Novi Meadows Elementary, 2002 .web. 6. Naturehero. Naturehero â€Å"become a naturehero† January thirteenth, 2010.web.

Ek Ruka Hua Faisla - Review free essay sample

E’Ek rukaa hua faisla’’ , revamp of Hollywood exemplary ’’Twelve furious men’’ an Oscar Winning Film broadly utilized in Management Schools corporate for comprehension ‘HUMAN BEHAVIOR’ and â€Å"LEADERSHIP STYLES’ †¦.. Let’s investigate the plot first to be comfortable with this film. The film begins from a scene in a jury room where 12 jury individuals are talking about the case for the last decision. The case is in regards to a homicide of an elderly person and the suspect is his own child. Everything from the announcement of observers to discussion of attorneys has just wrapped up. What's more, as they are arriving at decision and tallying votes.. 11 said blameworthy and 1 said not liable. Presently the entire film rotates around this 1 individual who is remaining on his ground for casting a ballot not blameworthy. He clarifies that he is impartial in his judgment and except if he is fulfilled he won’t vote blameworthy. What's more, bit by bit with his good judgment, thinking and discussing power ( Advocacy abilities ) he changed the psyche of other jury individuals until at long last they all casted a ballot not blameworthy. This film is exceptional particularly in light of the fact that it depicts the considering 12 unique individuals from 12 distinct parts of society, from independent person originating from the ghettos to acclaimed specialist to exclusive class individuals. In these 12 jury individuals, everybody was so indiscreet to arrive at their choice with the exception of that twelfth individual. They are so distracted with their own issues or commitment that they don't comprehend the gravity of their choice. 1 person’s life is on stake. indeed, the blamed person could be genuine offender or possibly not. Be that as it may, they ought not simply let the person to be hanged simply because they were getting late for a film or a game or for evening gathering, and so forth. Here and there the plot do get fascinating when that solitary officer (twelfth jury part) is featuring the messed up joins in the announcements of witnesses and the case set up by open investigator against the denounced. You get the inclination that this person could do thinks about whether he were a genuine legal counselor and whether the attorney for the charged was so idiotic. The film contact the hearts of each and every individual who watches it. It shows how hazardous we as a whole truly are. The amount we lie to our self just to have a sense of security and solid , and how feeble we truly are. You can relate yourself to all of that jury part. Every individual is an indication of your in various circumstances you can wind up in your day by day schedule life. Also, it appalls you to understand that how preferential and reckless you have become to different people and their emotions. You are not off-base at all.. yet, you must be sufficiently seeing and capable enough to consider other’s perspective too when arriving at a significant choice that could impact other’s life. The message is clear. Try not to arrive at any choice only for its hell. Do set aside effort to think and be as nonpartisan as could reasonably be expected. You truly feel so wiped out when you see and hear the comments of the other jury individuals and why some of them need the kid to be rebuffed. Because the person from exclusive class feel that this kid has a place with ghettos thus they should be crushed to make 1 individual less against the battle for misuse. The specialist imagines that these folks are worthless and it’s better that the kid ought to be rebuffed for making this world progressively sheltered and clean. In any case, The principle character is the jury part who is generally hard to change his decission, Pankaj kapoor (who I am certain was very youthful when he acted in this film), is truly astonishing in his depiction of a hurt dad who is preferential about the blamed kid since his own child had been ill bred to him and even slapped him. What's more, at long last, you truly wonder.. this is a film so there must be fitting retribution. Be that as it may, in this genuine world, can you truly be fair and nonpartisan while settling on each choice? I know and you know as well.. t’s close to unthinkable.. that twelfth jury part, the perfect person , just exist in the film. It’s elusive anyone who can be unprejudiced in choices which don't impact their own life. In this way, the genuine choice here to be made is to be certain and impartial and not to be impacted by our assumptions in settling on significant choices. I am happy that I get the chance to impart my perspectives to every one of you folks. I would absolutely prescribe this film to everybody. what's more, I mean everybody. This film merits viewing at any rate once for your turn of events. ttp://www. slideshare. net/prkworld/ek-ruka-hua-faisla The model is spoken to as a framework with worry for creation as the [x-axis]] and worry for individuals as the Y-pivot; every hub ranges from 1 (Low) to 9 (High). The subsequent administration styles are as per the following: * The impassive (recently called devastated) style (1,1) : avoid and escape. In this style, directors have low worry for the two individuals and creation. Directors utilize this style to save employment and occupation rank, ensuring themselves by abstaining from stumbling into difficulty. The principle worry for the supervisor isn't to be considered answerable for any mix-ups, which brings about less imaginative choices. * The obliging (beforehand, nation club) style (1,9): yield and consent. This style has a high worry for individuals and a low worry for creation. Administrators utilizing this style give a lot of consideration to the security and solace of the workers, with the expectation that this will build execution. The subsequent air is typically cordial, however not really beneficial. * The tyrannical (already, deliver or die) style (9,1): control and overwhelm. With a high worry for creation, and a low worry for individuals, administrators utilizing this style discover representative needs immaterial; they give their workers cash and anticipate execution consequently. Supervisors utilizing this style additionally pressure their workers through guidelines and disciplines to accomplish the organization objectives. This authoritarian style depends on Theory X of Douglas McGregor, and is regularly applied by organizations on the edge of genuine or saw disappointment. This style is regularly utilized in instances of emergency the board. * business as usual (beforehand, widely appealing) style (5,5): equalization and bargain. Administrators utilizing this style attempt to adjust between organization objectives and laborers needs. By giving some worry to the two individuals and creation, administrators who utilize this style want to accomplish reasonable execution yet doing so parts with a touch of each worry so neither creation nor individuals needs are met. * The sound (beforehand, group style) (9,9): contribute and submit. In this style, high concern is paid both to individuals and creation. As recommended by the recommendations of Theory Y, administrators deciding to utilize this style empower collaboration and duty among workers. This technique depends intensely on causing representatives to feel themselves to be productive pieces of the organization. * The artful style: misuse and control. People utilizing this style, which was added to the lattice hypothesis before 1999, don't have a fixed area on the matrix. They embrace whichever conduct offers the best close to home advantage. * The paternalistic style: endorse and direct. This style was added to the matrix hypothesis before 1999. In The Power to Change, it was reclassified to switch back and forth between the (1,9) and (9,1) areas on the lattice. Directors utilizing this style recognition and backing, yet debilitate difficulties to their reasoning * Grid hypothesis separates conduct into seven key components: Element| Description| Initiative| Taking activity, driving and supporting| Inquiry| Questioning, examining and confirming understanding| Advocacy| Expressing feelings and advocating ideas| Decision Making| Evaluating assets, decisions and consequences| Conflict Resolution| Confronting and settling disagreements| Resilience| Dealing with issues, misfortunes and failures| Critique| Delivering objective, open feedback|

Happy New Year, Illini!

Happy New Year, Illini! Happy New Year! I feel rejuvenated after spending the holidays with family  and friends, and of course surrounded by fluffy pets wearing cute holiday sweaters. Its great to have that time to be with loved ones and to get that mental break from all sorts of work. While some of you might not be fans of resolutions, it can serve as great motivation to  reinvent yourself on a clean  slate. Personally, Im a huge fan of them. So, this next semester will be my last semester as an  undergrad, but before I can join the full-time work space or attend grad school, I need to rethink some of my  bad habits in  2015. I thought Id outline a few of my resolutions to be a better Illinois college student in 2016. Avoid the snooze button. Expectations: Photobucket Reality:   The Odyssey Online In 2015, I remained a morning person (weird, I know), but I am also guilty of rolling over to hit the snooze button in the afternoons or even well into the evening for a whopping four-hour nap. A nap shouldnt last four hours. You should be getting your sleep at night, and perhaps take a 30 min to an hour nap during the day. This compromises time spent with friends and  on  homework, which only leads to stress crying and all-nighters (1 star, would not recommend). In 2016, Ill go to bed early. Ive always been a work hard, play later type of person, but Ive lost touch of that by napping during my free time. Sure, its nice to take a nap after a long day, but I went too far and made that a routine  that only  guaranteed  insomnia and solitude during the week days. Create a daily and weekly checklist. Expectations: Tumblr Reality: Tumblr In 2015, I made vague checklists and totally forgot about them. I wrote them on my iPad between classes or during lecture. They were quite bold, and it was clear I was in a good mood that day for radical change. Eat more greens. Stop drinking coffee. Go to the gym. Either way, these were lists that were created with the sole intent of running in the other direction. They were too big for me to turn  into routine. I lost sight of these goals and spent even more money coping with caffeine withdrawal, and eventually, I resorted back to my caffeine addiction through afternoon  coffee runs. In 2016, Ill be a bit more specific on how Ill tackle  these goals. You need a game plan to make things happen. Ill be more specific on what eat more greens will entail in my packed lunches. Ill be open to compromise with myself, understanding  that there will be productive days and slip up days. Its inevitable with a tight college student budget, time constraints, and other student obligations, but its worth a try! Set aside time for your side projects. Expectations: Tumblr Reality: Giphy In 2015, I opened a word document and played Spotify on the background as I wrote my stories, essays, business papers, etc. for all my classes. Sure, I got all my work done days before the deadline, but I didnt really feel engaged with what I was doing half the time. I was multitasking and distracted. I didnt seem to make time for revisions, either. In 2016, I plan on writing 250+ words every day. That doesnt quite consider time as much, but its flexible enough for me to make it work  during a busy semester schedule.  Finding time to write has always been the internal struggle for most of my creative writing friends and for myself.  If youre a structured person, maybe you set aside time to read or time to get your side projects done. For me, time has always been an issue. So, now Im strictly breaking my side project apart by focusing on  the word count. Start on job applications and be confident about your accomplishments.   Expectations: Tumblr Reality: Tumblr Second semester is when students typically rush to the Career Center to practice their interview spiel on others. As a senior now, this is when I need to pluck up  enough courage and begin those job applications. In 2015, I wasnt confident to share my work with others just yet. As a perfectionist, this can be a let down. There were days I didnt want to submit my completed application to grad schools because I was feeling anxious. While I had experience in business technical writing, I convinced myself I wasnt pursuing anything worthwhile and that I wasnt  marketable at all. This is all pretty ridiculous, but it happens. In 2016, Ill be ready to share my work with professors and colleagues. Im going to embrace the feedback and revision process further by actually taking time to look back at the written feedback on my work. Im also going to outline my successes in the Creative Writing field. I  have received  a few undergraduate awards and publications during  my time here, and I should include them on my resume and cover letters with pride! Have any resolutions for this upcoming semester? Feel free to share them with me, too! ?? Jenny Class of 2016 I'm majoring in Creative Writing in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm from the north side of Chicago, an artsy neighborhood along the lakefront called Andersonville. I plan to pursue a low-residency MFA program in Fiction Writing with the hope of becoming a published author.

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 929 Words

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a tragic tale of guilt and redemption. The book details the life of Amir as he wrestles with the guilt of seeing Hassan raped, and later redeems himself by helping Hassan’s son Sohrab cope with extreme abuse at the hands of Assef. While some would argue the main theme of the book is redemption, I believe that the theme is simple: the past does define us, but it is through the past that we find ultimate significance. Clearly through the journey of Amir, Hosseini shows how the past haunted him throughout the years. Amir starts off the story with â€Å"I became what I am today at the age of twelve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1), this clearly shows how invested in the past Amir is. Amir dwells on his past frequently, and credits his past with making him the person he has become. While most people would let the past stay in the past, Amir welcomes the idea of his past being the forefront of his life. That was a long time ago, but it’s wrong what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out. Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years. (1) Amir establishes here that he constantly replays the horrible events of Hassan’s rape for the last twenty-six years. Clearly, the past defined Amir’s viewpoint on the world and how everything works. By looking through the past on a deeper level, Amir found that his distant father was not so distant after all. AmirShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Evaluate Ancient and Modern Images and Interpretations on...

b) Evaluate ancient and modern images and interpretations of Cleopatra VII Images and interpretations of a person can change over time. Such movement is paralleled with changes in opinion and morals throughout generations. Cleopatra the seventh is subject to this fluctuation. Ancient images and interpretations differ greatly to the impression left today merely by her name. Chris Dumasis, a modern day historian amplifies this theory in ‘Interpretations of Cleopatra’. She argues, â€Å"women have been demeaned of their true substance since the early time of patriarchal society.† Taken into account, this argument entails that when studying ancient sources it must be understood that at times, only a very narrow view of the events are presented†¦show more content†¦The long nose and pointed chin are two distinct features of Cleopatra that are demonstrated by the image on the coin that sepeate her from those that play her today. In his ‘A.D. 75 Life of Antony’ Plutarch himself professes, â€Å"Her actual beauty †¦ w as not so remarkable that none could be compared with her†¦ but the contact of her presence †¦ was irresistible†. As a consequence, it can be understood that it is ancient sources that possibly provide the truest image of her, being from the period of her life. That is not to say however, that ancient sources have incorporated a complete truth. This can be seen with the evidence provided by Roman and Latin sources. In ‘An Ancient Roman Perspective’, Gemma Wilson’s account for Rome’s feelings towards the Queen is one of great hostility. According to Wilson, â€Å"at best, the Romans viewed Cleopatra with suspicion. At worst, they hated her.† Cleopatra was of coarse despised for utilizing the two public figures of Rome’s world, Caesar initially and then Mark Antony. Peter Roberts describes how it was Octavian that initiated Rome’s hatred towards Rome, relying on ‘sexual slander’ to tarnish her reputation. Many Roman poets continued this tradition of condemnation such as Lucan in ‘Pharsalia’, referring to Cleopatra as â€Å"Egypt’s shame.† Horace continues to embellish this image; â€Å"the queen, with a contaminated gang of creatures’ in his Ode XXXVII, referring to

Unit 8 Study Guide Free Essays

Unit 8 Study Guide 1. How many liters of blood does the average adult have? 5 Liters 2. What are the components of blood? Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 8 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. What does the hematocrit measure? The number of cells or volume. 4. What percentage of blood is cells? 45% 5. What percentage of blood is made of plasma? 55% 6. What do erythrocytes look like and what is their function? Erythrocytes are biconcave disks that are 7. 5 micrometers. They have no nucleus, even after they have matured and they are composed of one third hemoglobin. They function as a transportation system for gas. . How do mature erythrocytes differ from immature ones? They lack a nucleus when they mature 8. What is a normal RBC Count? 4,600,000/cubic centimeter 9. What makes blood red? Hemoglobin 10. How long does the average RBC live? 120 days 11. What hormone controls the rate of rbc synthesis? Erythropoietin 12. What element is part of a red blood cell? Iron 13. What is sickle-cell anemia and what is its cause? Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder in the red blood cells which reduces the oxygen in the blood and results in the RBC’s being crescent shaped. 14. What are the causes of Anemia The causes of Anemia include a lack of enough RBC’s, including iron deficiency, B complex deficiency, erythropoietin deficiency, or too many RBC’s destroyed, which includes sickle cell anemia, sickle train, thallasemias (Alpha hemoglobin chain, beta hemoglobin chain, small RBC’s. ) 15. What is the difference between sickle cell anemia and sickle trait? It is possible for a person to have a mixture of normal and bad hemoglobin in red blood cells without having sickle cell disease. This condition is â€Å"sickle cell train† in which people have enough of the normal hemoglobin in their red blood cells to prevent them from becoming sickle haped, causing sickle cell anemia. 16. What percentage of white blood cells are eosinophils? 1-3% 17. What is a Lymphocyte? A Lymphocyte is a small, round long lived agranulocyte that is composed of 25-33% of white blood cells. Its function is to attack antigens. 18. What is a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibod ies? Antigen 19. What percent of blood is lymphocytes 25-33% of the blood 20. What is a normal white Blood Cell Count? 5,000-10,000 White blood cells 21. What does a rise in WBCS indicate? A decrease? A rise indicates an infection such as leukocytosis and a decrease, or leucopenia, may be a sign of viral infections. 22. What is a normal WBC differential? 4,500-10,000 23. What is pus? It is made up of leukocytes, bacteria, and damaged body cells. 24. What do elevated monocytes indicate? They could indicate an infection 25. What is Diapedesis? It allows WBC’s to leave circulation 26. What is leukemia? It is a type of cancer that begins in the tissue that forms blood. Leukemia patients bleed because of platelet deficiency. 27. What is the function of fibrinogen? It helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form. It is converted into fibrin during blood coagulation. 28. What are 3 Lipoprotein molecules? VLDL – triglycerides LDL – cholesterol HDL – high protein 29. What is agglutination? Agglutination is a clumping together of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies, or agglutinins. 30. What keeps blood from clotting? Anticoagulants are what prevent the clotting of blood. 31. What is fibrinogen? Fibrinogen is a protein that the liver produces which helps stop bleeding by helping to form blood clots. 32. What is a globulin? A globulin is a plasma protein which transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood and helps to produce antibodies. 33. What are the major ABO groups? A, B, AB, and O blood types 34. What are antigens and antibodies associated with each blood group? Type A blood contains the antigen A and Anti B antibodies, type B blood contains antigen B and Anti A antibodies, type AB has antigens A and B and no antibodies, and type O has no antigens and Anti A and B antibodies. 35. What blood type is universal donor? Universal recipient? Type O is the universal blood donor and type AB is the universal recipient. 6. What is the Rh factor and why is it significant? The Rh factor is an antigen that can be found in the red blood cells of most people. People with Rh factor are considered Rh positive and those who do not are considered Rh negative. Rh negative people are unable to be transfused with positive blood once they are exposed to it. A Rh negative mother is able to develop antibodies t o donate to her Rh positive child. Blood which is used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status and ABO blood group. Rh- patients will develop anemia if they are given Rh+ blood. How to cite Unit 8 Study Guide, Essay examples

Brand Management Owned Companies Management

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Brand Management of Owned Companies Management. Answer: Introduction: LEGO group is one of the renowned family owned companies occupying a predominant place in the realm of manufacturing industry. LEGO has started its journey in the year 1932 and created a recognizable image among the manufacturing companies. Headquartered in Denmark, Lego aims to develop the mental growth of those children. For this purpose, the products have been designed in such a way that children would like to show their interest to purchase these products. The products and services of LEGO have already created a craze in the current market. The play materials have been designed by making numerous innovative plans and ideas. Children have to apply their mind while using the play material of this particular organization. After the innovation of LEGO bricks, children from different geographical areas have showed their immense positive response towards the brand value of LEGO (LEGO.com, 2016). Moreover, along with maintaining the quality of product, the service providers of this particular organization tend to maintain an effective communication with the customers. Quality service is one of the major parts of raising the brand awareness. After enhancing the demand of market, this particular organization has intended to change their brand strategy as well as pricing strategy as well. The products have been decided to be promoted in such a way that people from different geographical boundary can easily make the best use of those products. Brand exploratory: Brand exploratory is the major source of research, based on which an individual can understand the opinion and perception of consumers regarding the equity and reliability of a particular brand (Annie Jin, 2012). In order to understand what customers are thinking about this specific brand or product, the company tends to focus on several factors that include: Customer awareness: Customer awareness is the integrated part of organizations marketing and communication plan with the help of which the marketing executives tend to reach the doorstep of customers. IMC managers intend to make an effective communication strategy by maintaining the following steps. These are as follows: Position of the brand: Brand positioning has been considered as one of the most effective marketing strategies based on which the company can reach their product or brand to the doorsteps of different customers. In order to position a brand properly in the market, the marketing executives have to be concerned into some of the major factors that include: Use the platform for brand promotion: Organizations should use the popularity of media based on which the brands can create a market demand (Sola, 2012). Media is nothing but the tool with the help of which the customers would be able to know necessary information on the reliability of products. LEGO generally intends to utilize the popularity of electronic media as well as new media both. Children are not well accustomed in operating new technologies (Balmer, 2012). Therefore, the organization has decided to use the platform of electronic media so that the children can also show their interest for purchasing these kinds of innovative products. Maintain effective communication: Effective communication is highly important in order to collect the feedback of customers as well as making an effective interaction with them. Apart from the platforms of media, LEGO believes in direct marketing based on which they can communication directly with the customers (Dinnie, 2015). The marketing executives like to visit directly with the target consumers in order to communicate with them for colleting an immediate feedback. After promoting the product with the help of direct marketing, the sales executives get the opportunity to interact with the target audience directly in order to know their needs and demands (Selnes, 2013). Based on the needs of customers, LEGO tends to re-form their brand strategy and policy. With the dynamic progress of civilization, the needs and demands of the customers are changing day-by-day. Effective communication is the major tools to keep a constant update about changing needs and demands of the customers. Target market: Target market is the selected group that a specific company wants to select as their future or chosen customers. Before analyzing the target market LEGO has primarily selected three aspects as a matter of consideration in order to enhance customer awareness. These include: Demographic: As per demographic market segmentation, LEGO has chosen 3 years to 15 years age group customers for their target market (Rosenbaum-Elliott et al., 2015). People having average income level would be able to afford various innovative toys for the customers. Geographic: Geographic market segmentation is primarily concerned with the market size and the progress of market based on which LEGO can promote their brand (Qian, 2014). Apart from Denmark, the brand managers of LEGO have to decide expand their business in Enfield, USA, UK, Shanghai, China, Singapore and so on. The marketing size of these areas is vast and wide (ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸ Cicek, 2012). Therefore, marketing executives of this organization has decided target those geographic areas for circulating their creative toys. Psychographic: Psychographic target market segmentation is based on the values, culture and beliefs of people. The playing materials that have been designed by the product designers of LEGO do not follow any kind of religious gender biasness (Loureiro, Ruediger Demetris, 2012). The products have been designed in such a way that people from various cultures and backgrounds would like to show their interest for purchasing products and services. Brand association: Brand association is the attributes with the help of which customers get a positive vibrant from the specific brands. Customers in general tend to provide their positive feedback in using the products and services only when they get a positive response from the celebrities or legend personalities. Brand performance and personality: After conducting a market survey, the IMC managers of LEGO has evaluated that, a large number of customers from different countries have showed their positive response both on the brand quality as well as brand services. Therefore, it is evident that the product manufacturing strategy made by the brand managers of LEGO is getting successful day-by-day. In order to create a personality of a particular brand, celebrity endorsement has been considered as one of the major tools (Gatti, Caruana Snehota, 2012). Celebrities help to create a demand in the market. LEGO in order to promote the brand in various countries tend to utilize the popularity of celebrities. The ICM managers intend to promote the brand in various countries with the help of media so that people from different geographical boundaries can get an in-depth overview about the reliability of brands. Portfolio of the brand: As per the current market situation, LEGO has become one of the leading toy makers among numerous renowned toy-manufacturing companies around 55 countries. This particular group from the very beginning tries to maintain brand value strategy within the organization based on which the manufacturers have provided many innovative, interesting as well as creative playing materials to the target customers (Freling Forbes, 2013). Competitive positioning: Before maintaining the promotional activities, LEGO should conduct, an effective market survey based on which they would be able to position their brand more effectively than the competitors. The entire business process and the products of LEGO are based on new technology. In order to position the brand amidst competitive market, the steps that LEGO should follow are like this: Using the popularity of digital media; various platforms of social media would help to reach the games of LEGO to the people of various geographical boundary Using hoardings, banners in order to make an effective offline promotion Maintaining personal selling as well as direct marketing for collecting an immediate feedback from the customers SWOT analysis: In order to form an effective brand strategy, the product managers like to make an internal analysis to acquire knowledge on strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the company for manufacturing and circulating innovative toys to the children. SWOT analysis Description Strength Creating innovation products that help to enhance the knowledge and skill of the children Acquiring a recognizable place as a top most toy manufacturing brand among 55 countries Maintaining diverse management inside the organization as well as brand circulation Creating a distinct image than other video game players manufactured by other countries Weakness Children who are having the lack of knowledge and experience of using online games would not be able to purchase the products of this organization Brand managers fail to keep a constant record about changing needs and demands of the customers Online games of LEGO has faced the loss of market share Lack of product variety Opportunities Enhancing the varieties of products Implementing more diversification with the organization Expanding the entire process of business in the realm of international market Preparing the entire market segmentation strategy more effectively so that the IMC managers can enhance the target market Promotional tools should be increased Threats Competitors market strategy has been considered as one of the major threats for LEGO Downfall of the share market in online games has become one of the major threats for LEGO for maintaining the image and reputation in the market The plans of starting new cartoon channels has become a major threat as well as major risk for the company Implementing the plan of staring outdoor games is possessed with immense risk factors Table 1: SWOT Analysis (Source: Iglesias Bonet, 2012) Summation of SWOT analysis: After conducting an effective SWOT analysis, it can be evaluated that LEGO has already created an impression in the realm of toy manufacturing industry among almost 55 countries. At the same time, it is undeniable that this particular company is very much restricted within stipulated target market. People who are not accustomed with advanced technology would not be able to use the service as well as products of LEGO. Therefore, stipulated target customers have become a major threat for this organization. As a result, the online games of LEGO had faced a serious downfall in the share market. In order to overcome the competitors market threat, LEGO should enhance their range of target customers. Conclusion: This particular study has provided an in-depth overview about the importance of brand management. Maintaining the quality of products and services can never be the suitable ways of rendering organizational success. In order to reach the brand to the doorstep of consumers the brand managers have to know the major ways of promotion based on which the customers can show their interest for purchasing the products. This particular study has focused to discuss the brand management strategies and policies of LEGO with the help of which the organization has drawn the attention of customers. Before promoting the product in various countries, LEGO has made effective target market segmentation as per the geographic, psychographic and demographic market structure. Recommendation: After evaluating the entire brand management strategy, some of the necessary recommendations can be provided. The recommendations are as follows: Choosing the appropriate media vehicle: In order to reach the customers properly, the business organizations should use the popularity of media platform. The target customers of LEGO are very much restricted to 3 to 15 age group of people. Therefore, electronic media has been chosen as primary media vehicle based on which this particular group can draw customers attention. Children show their interest in watching television at their leisure. Therefore, late evening has been chosen as their prime time for promoting the brands of LEGO. In addition, new media has also been given a priority for creating effective brand awareness. By utilizing the popularity of digital media, people can easily draw the attention of people from different geographical areas. As a result, LEGO group would be able to expand their entire business process in the global market as well. Conducting the effective market survey: Before creating a brand strategy, LEGOs marketing executives should always conduct an effective market survey with the gap of few days. With the help of market survey, the sales executives are able to collect customers feedback, be it positive. Positive feedback always remains as the motivational factors for every organization (Kapferer, 2012). On the other hand, based on the negative feedback, the brand managers should re-think on the promotional strategy and policy. As per the needs and demands of the customers, the managers should amend the brand strategies. Therefore, market survey is highly important for collecting the in-general response of the target customers. Maintaining effective customer service relation: Along with maintaining product quality, the service providers should also take into consideration on how to maintain customer relation. Customer service system is one of the most effective processes based on which most of the customers tend to show their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction (Kelley, Sheehan Jugenheimer, 2015). LEGO has created recognition as one of the best toy-manufacturing makers. Therefore, maintaining effective communication with the customers is one of the most effective tools of following customer relation. In addition, the service providers should make a balance between the supply and demand of the products. The customers should never wait for a long time in order to use the service from the organization. Rationale: Brand management is the primary concern of this particular study. The primary aim of LEGO is to develop the mental skill and ability of children. Therefore, the product designers have decided to design the toys in such a way that it can draw the attention of the children easily. Before attracting the children, an effective brand promotion is highly needed to reach the customers. Therefore, the product managers have decided to use the popularity of electronic media in order to maintain the promotional activities effectively. In addition, the study has focused to make a clear evaluation on brand exploratory process. Brand exploratory is the systematic procedure, based on which the market executives can select brand positioning, target market, brand portfolio, brand personality and so many. Before making the brand strategy, an effective SWOT analysis has been conducted in order to get an overview about the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of LEGO. Based on the weakness and threat of the company, the brand managers tend to form their marketing or promotional strategy. Both the electronic media and digital media have been considered as one of the most effective pathways for creating brand awareness in the mind of children. Reference List: Annie Jin, S. A. (2012). The potential of social media for luxury brand management.Marketing Intelligence Planning,30(7), 687-699. Balmer, J. M. (2012). Corporate Brand Management Imperatives.California Management Review,54(3), 6-33. Dinnie, K. (2015).Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸, ÄÂ °. E., Cicek, M. (2012). The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, 1353-1360. Freling, T. H., Forbes, L. P. (2013). An empirical analysis of the brand personality effect.Journal of Product Brand Management. Gatti, L., Caruana, A., Snehota, I. (2012). The role of corporate social responsibility, perceived quality and corporate reputation on purchase intention: Implications for brand management.Journal of Brand Management,20(1), 65-76. Iglesias, O., Bonet, E. (2012). Persuasive brand management: How managers can influence brand meaning when they are losing control over it.Journal of Organizational Change Management,25(2), 251-264. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kelley, L., Sheehan, K., Jugenheimer, D. W. (2015).Advertising media planning: a brand management approach. Routledge. LEGO.com, 2016. US - Inspire and develop the builders of tomorrow - LEGO.com. (2016).Wwwsecure.lego.com. Retrieved 18 September 2016, from https://wwwsecure.lego.com Loureiro, S. M. C., Ruediger, K. H., Demetris, V. (2012). Brand emotional connection and loyalty.Journal of Brand Management,20(1), 13-27. Qian, Y. (2014). Brand management and strategies against counterfeits.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,23(2), 317-343. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L., Elliott, R. H., Pervan, S. (2015).Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Santos-Vijande, M. L., del Ro-Lanza, A. B., Surez-lvarez, L., Daz-Martn, A. M. (2013). The brand management system and service firm competitiveness.Journal of Business Research,66(2), 148-157. Selnes, F. (2013). An examination of the effect of product performance on brand reputation, satisfaction and loyalty.Journal of Product Brand Management. Sola, A. (2012). The impact of celebrity endorsement on strategic brand management.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(6).

Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Essays -

Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective Craig H. Brockman Instructor: Eric Becker College Writing 221624 23 April 2000 The Diallo Incident; One Officers Perspective In the quiet post-midnight hours of February 4, 1999, 41 shots rang out in the entry vestibule of a South Bronx apartment house. Within seconds, a young man laid dead, four policemen standing over his lifeless body. A 22-year-old immigrant from West Africa was the unfortunate victim. The police officers: four white men from the New York City Police Department's Street Crimes Unit (SCU). And almost before daylight could illumine the city's vast tract of high-rise businesses and low-rise brownstones, there came the first calls of Police Brutality, Racism, even Murder. But were these four officers, who together fired 41 shots at an unarmed young man, indeed, guilty as charged? Or was this shooting, as the officers would attempt to explain, a tragedy of the greatest possible human dimensions? Did the media ask the right questions and act in a responsible manner? Did the local politicians act in a responsible manner? And were they inappropriate actions or were they appropriate for the situation? Has society changed that much? Do we, society, take the word of the media's insight, and follow people who thrive on media attention? Who are the real prosecutors? Who makes the decision to condemn the actions of four police officers? Do we prosecute the officers of a police department who were trained to do what they did? Has anyone of these so-called experts ever looked into the past situations of men and women in the police department? And then ask the question: Why did they (the police) shoot that unarmed man? Has the police department trained the police officers the proper way? Or will the police departments around the country now train police officers to become less aggressive, giving way for an officer to worry about jail time and the loss of his financial status? Will this lead the police to turn a blind-eye in order to not get involved, and avoid their names being the target of political and community leaders? These are questions to be asked and answered. But the real questions should be asked to the people that care about their communities. These questions should not be asked to the followers of these self proclaimed community leaders who possibly couldn't care less about the quality of life that surrounds their community, some of who live in another state, and may not concern themselves with the pursuit of happiness of the people that live in that community, but the media attention they can receive. This is one officers perspective, a perspective that some may not agree with, but it is honest, it is true, and it is heart wrenching. This is no hype, no media propaganda. This is the view of an incident that happened on a Bronx street on a winter's night in 1999. Hopefully this will be a thought-provoking view, for not only the reader, but also the author. Just ask yourself these questions that I have posted, and I hope that you will understand my perspective. In the early morning hours of February 4, 1999 a tragedy occurred which would eventually separate the people of City of New York and its police department. On this morning, four members of the New York City Police Departments Street Crime Unit {SCU} were on patrol in the Bronx within the confines of the 43rd Precinct: a precinct in a neighborhood that is considered a high crime area. The four officers on patrol were: Police Officer Sean Carroll, 36, Police Officer Kenneth Boss, 28, Police Officer Edward McMellon, 27, and Police Officer Richard Murphy, 27. These four officers would, on this morning, come in contact with Mr. Amadou Diallo, 22, an African immigrant who now lived in the Bronx. On this morning, slightly after twelve midnight, the four officers were assigned to plainclothes and had an unmarked radio motor patrol car (RMP) as their patrol vehicle; this is standard operation for the SCU. Their job is to keep an eye on the street for criminal behavior and prevent crimes when possible. The officers drove down the block of Wheeler Avenue at about this time of the morning. P.O. Carroll, who was sitting in the front passenger

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration The elephant toothpaste chemistry demonstration is a dramatic demo which produces copious amounts of steaming foam that sort of looks like the toothpaste an elephant might use. Heres how to set up this demonstration and a look at the reaction behind it. Elephant Toothpaste Materials The chemical reaction in this demonstration is between the hydrogen peroxide and the potassium iodide solution. The detergent captures the gases to make bubbles. Note the hydrogen peroxide solution is much more concentrated than the kind you can buy at a pharmacy. You can find 30 percent peroxide at a beauty supply store, science supply store, or online. 50-100 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutionSaturated potassium iodide (KI) solutionLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring500 mL graduated cylinderSplint (optional) Safety Wear disposable gloves and safety glasses. Oxygen is evolved in this reaction, so do not perform this demonstration near an open flame. Also, the reaction is exothermic, producing a fair amount of heat, so do not lean over the graduated cylinder when the solutions are mixed. Leave your gloves on following the demonstration to aid with cleanup. The solution and foam may be rinsed down the drain with water. Elephant Toothpaste Procedure Put on gloves and safety glasses. The iodine from the reaction may stain surfaces so you might want to cover your workspace with an open garbage bag or a layer of paper towels.Pour ~50 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into the graduated cylinder.Squirt in a little dishwashing detergent and swirl it around.You can place 5-10 drops of food coloring along the wall of the cylinder to make the foam resemble striped toothpaste.Add ~10 mL of potassium iodide solution. Do not lean over the cylinder when you do this, as the reaction is very vigorous and you may get splashed or possibly burned by steam.You may touch a glowing splint to the foam to relight it, indicating the presence of oxygen. Variations of the Elephant Toothpaste Demonstration You can add 5 grams of starch to the hydrogen peroxide. When the potassium iodide is added, the resulting foam will have light and dark patches from the reaction of some of the starch to form triiodide.You can use yeast instead of potassium iodide. Foam is produced more slowly, but you can add a fluorescent dye to this reaction to produce elephant toothpaste that will glow very brightly under a black light.You can color the demonstration and make it into an Elephant Toothpaste Christmas Tree for the holidays.There is also a kid-friendly version of the elephant toothpaste demo that is safe for hands. Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) O2(g) However, the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalyzed by the iodide ion. H2O2(aq) I-(aq) → OI-(aq) H2O(l) H2O2(aq) OI-(aq) → I-(aq) H2O(l) O2(g) The dishwashing detergent captures the oxygen as bubbles. Food coloring can color the foam. The heat from this exothermic reaction is such that the foam may steam. If the demonstration is performed using a plastic bottle, you can expect slight distortion of the bottle from the heat. Elephant Toothpaste Experiment Fast Facts Materials 30% Hydrogen PeroxideConcentrated potassium iodide solution OR packet of dry yeastLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring (optional)Starch (optional) Concepts Illustrated This demonstration illustrates exothermic reactions, chemical changes, catalysis, and decomposition reactions. Usually the demo is performed less to discuss the chemistry and more to raise interest in chemistry. It is one of the easiest and most dramatic chemistry demonstrations available. Time Required The reaction is instantaneous. Set-up can be completed in under half an hour. Level The demonstration is suitable for all age groups, particularly to raise interest in science and chemical reactions. Because the hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer and because heat is generated by the reaction, the demonstration is best performed by a science teacher with chemical experience. It should not be performed by unsupervised children.

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Macroeconomics - Essay Example function of the economy is also referred to as total supply of the economy as shows the total supply of goods and services that the firms are willing to supply at given price levels. It also shows the capacity of the firms of the economy and the fact that the firms can supply the economy with the appropriate level of goods and services in order to satisfy the demands of the economy. Aggregate supply curves are made on the basis of long and short term which depicts the total supply function of the firms of the economy both in the long term and in the short term for the economy. There can be some shifts in the aggregate supply curve for the economy which can be attributed to number of different factors and variables affecting the economy. These factors can be many some of which may be the change in the size and quality of labor, the mere fact that the labor size has changed that is more and more labor is available to the firms for the production of their goods and services or that the labor which is already available to the economy has gained more and more skills due to which it has become easier to produce more for the economy. Other factors can be the change in technology or it can be said that the technological innovations can cause a shift in the aggregate supply curve of the economy. Â  Increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer ta xes and subsidies, and changes in inflation can also be some of the driving factors in the shifting of the aggregate supply curve for the economy. Different schools of thoughts have different views of economics and therefore they have different approaches towards the determining of aggregate supply of the economy that is to be made to the economy. Aggregates supply is the function of aggregate availability of labor and other resources in the given time period and the price levels for the production of those goods and services that provide the aggregate supply of those goods and services to the

Religous Social Stratification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Religous Social Stratification - Essay Example Slavery is the extreme form of inequality where some people are literary owned by others, the estate system consist of strata which have differing rights, the caste system is merely a rigid class system in which members are born into and in which escape is by extreme difficulties example the India caste system. The open class system is a class system in which there is the possibility of social mobility where one can move up the social ladder through education, marriage or even by chance or luck.2 According to the functionalist perspective on social inequality, Davis and Moore perceived social stratification and inequality as one that plays a role in the proper working of society in that all social systems share certain functional prerequisite which must be met for the society to operate efficiently and effectively. One of these prerequisites is effective role allocation and performance and this means that all roles must be filled by those who are best able to perform them. The mechanism that ensures proper role allocation is social stratification, roles are different in terms of importance and therefore there is the need to attach unequal rewards to the role.3 We will focus our discussion on social strati... We will consider the social stratification of these churches as one that plays an important role in the proper functioning of these religious institutions. RELIGIOUS SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: The Catholic Church: The Roman Catholic Church is the largest in terms of number of followers, this church is headed by the pope, the pope has final authority in all matters and he appoints cardinals who are below him in command. The catholic churches all over the world share common faith, common principles of church policies and organization and also common liturgy.4 The cardinals are directly below the pope in authority, they are appointed by the pope and when a pope in command dies they appoint a new pope, therefore they are second in command after the pope, and however the cardinals are bishops appointed by the pope from all over the world.5 The third rank is the bishop's position, he bishop heads a diocese which is the unit of organization in the Catholic Church, the bishop has the authority to admit priests into his diocese and also to exclude them from his diocese, he also assigns duties and priest to various parishes in his diocese.6 The clergy and the nuns are the last rank where the clergy is responsible of administering worship in the churches or parishes, the stratification into ranks of the Catholic Church can be diagrammatical simplified below.7 The diagram shows social stratification of the Catholic Church starting from those who rank high in the social ladder (the pope) to those who rank low in the social ladder (clergy and nuns), further the pope can only be one and the number increases downwards, cardinals are less than 300 in number and the number of the clergy and the nuns is large. The

Depression and Monoamine Neurotransmitters

Depression and Monoamine Neurotransmitters Depression is no longer seen as a disorder of monoamine neurotransmitters discuss this assertion in the light of the current neurobiological hypotheses of depression The most common mental health disorder not only in United Kingdom but everywhere around the world is depression. Even more disturbing is the fact that depression disorder is estimated to affect around 10% of the people in England. Moreover, approximately 5 to 15 percent of men population and 10 to 20 percent of women population in the USA will suffer from depression during their life. Or to put it more simply, one in five adults worldwide will experience depression at some point of their lives (Kessler et al, 1997). World Health Organization described depression as state of sadness which is accompanied by loss of pleasure or interest in almost every activity. It also includes feelings of guilt, low self-worth, tiredness, poor concentration and disturbed sleep and appetite. According to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for depression, a person suffers from depression if it experience at least five of the symptoms during the same 2 weeks perio d. These symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, weight loss or weight gain, lack of energy, feelings like worthlessness and thoughts of death or suicide etc. Apart from the mental suffering that depression brings, it is also considered as one of the most often reasons for deaths. In 1996 suicide was listed as one of the leading causes of death in the USA (Mireault Deman, 1996). In other words, depression was the reason for more than 30,000 people to take their lives, which was even more than the one infected with the AIDS virus. Even more disturbing is the verifiable truth that most of the investigators believe that the number of deaths because of depression are more than the ones listed due to the fact that those who kill themselves sometimes do it in a way that looks not like a suicide because of depression (Nemeroff, 1998). The financial costs due to depression are also extremely high. Only in UK costs for the economy are estimated at around  £8.6 billion a year. R ecent research revealed that consultations with the GP for treating a depression are estimated at around  £30 million a year and moreover, treating it in hospitals costs more than  £200 million a year. Furthermore, anti-depressants are also one of the leading costs for NHS  £270 million for the last year only (Mentalhealth.org.uk, 2016). Results of recent studies also showed that the major depressive disorder increase the risk of future hearth attack or stroke (McManus, Meltzer, Brugha, Bebbington and Jenkins, 2009). Having explained how important the problem of depression is to our society, it is now important to review the hypotheses and reasons of why people suffer from it. Firstly, this essay will aim to introduce and explain the genetic factors, how the monoamine theory of depression was developed and why in the recent years depression is no longer seen as a disorder of the monoamine transmitters. In addition, this essay aims to discuss how early life stress can increase the risk of depression later in life. One of the oldest explaining of depression provided by researchers is the fact that it runs in families. In other words, geneticist determined that the ones that are blood related to the one suffering from severe depression are much more likely to suffer from this condition too than the general population. Furthermore, family, twin and adoption studies also supported the hypothesis that depression might be inherited (Sanders et al., 1999; Fava and Kendler, 2000). According to the results, around 40% 50% of the risk of depression is on genetic base. Even though the researchers were able to confirm that the risk of depression is partly genetic, there are still many difficulties in finding the vulnerable genes. This is due to the fact that depression is a very complex disorder and it is believed that it involves many genes (Burmeister, 1999). (Nestler et al., 2002). Another reason for the complexity and difficulty in the identifying the faulty gene is that it is also possible that diff erent variants in genes may cause depression in families. Additionally, as the risk of depression is only partly genetic, another important point needs to be considered the nongenetic factors such as individually specific or environmental. Results from a number of studies, including Akiskal (2000) and Fava and Kendler (2000), shed light on the importance of the stress and emotional trauma during the brain development and the importance they have in the etiology of depression. Even though there are a lot of evidences that depression is a stress related disorder, stress itself is not the leading cause of it. As a matter of fact, usually after a stressful event or situations most of the people are not becoming depressed. Indeed, experiencing a serious stress because of physical abuse or rape does not lead to depression but to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Another important point to consider is also that in general, there are gender differences in the way people respond to a stressor. To put it simply, Kendler, Thornton and Prescott ( 2001) found that even though men and women are more or less equally sensitive to stressful life events, depending on the type of stressor they tend to respond very differently. In their study they revealed that men are much more likely to become depressed after divorce or having troubles in the work place. On the contrary, it was found that women are more likely to have depressive episodes if they have difficulties in relationships, suffer from serious illnesses or death of someone close to them. Having said that, findings again shed the light into the fact that depression is very complex disorder and there are other important factors and mechanisms that need investigation. While genetic researchers continued to look to try to identify the faulty genes, neuroscientists concentrated themselves on the possible brain changes leading to depression. At the beginning most of the work was focused on the neurotransmitters of the monoamine class serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system. The reason why researchers became interested in monoamines was because in the early 50s physicians found that depression symptoms appeared in around 20% of patients who were treated with drug reserpine which on the other hand was found to exhaust the supply of the monoamines. In other words, researchers found that these antidepressants were effective for depression as a side effect but they didnt know yet exactly how they worked. Following these results, another research revealed that there is an underlying biological basis for depression and therefore the monoamine hypothesis of depression was proposed. However, it wasnt cleared which of the monoamin es was the most important in depression. At the beginning the theory was called the norepinephrine theory of depression because the scientist thought that the affected neurotransmitter is the norepinephrine. However, several years after the monoamine theory was proposed, there was a research on the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its action. During the investigation it was revealed that the serotonin receptors are being blocked by the LSD which brought the question whether serotonin might have an important role in the explaining of mood disorders and specifically depression. Therefore, these findings made serotonin the most studied neurotransmitter in the depression disorder. There are several indications that there is an aberrant decreased function of the serotonergic system. The most obvious evidence of reduced serotonin synthesis comes from the studies of Neumeister, Konstantinidis, Stastny et al. (2002) and Neumeister, Nurgent, Waldeck et al. (2004) in which wa s used tryptophan depletion. The results from these studies once again revealed and confirmed that the reduction of serotonin neurotransmitter leads to the development of depressive disorder. Despite the evidences that the studies on serotonin depletion provided, its mechanism in the depressed patients it still unclear. Meyer, Ginovart, Boovariwala et al. (2006) proposed that high amount of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain is one of the reasons that causes the deficiency of the serotonin. Since the hypothesis was proposed various of antidepressants were developed in order to increase the levels of serotonin in the nervous system. However, scientists realized that even though many of the produced antidepressants relieved the symptoms of depression they actually does not affect the serotonin levels. In fact, they were affecting the dopamine, norepinephrine and cholinergic systems but not the serotonin. Furthermore, there were also some drugs that acted only on the norepinephrine system but still they had shown to improve the symptoms of depression. Another important point to consider regarding the serotonin hypothesis is the fact that antidepressants dont work immediately. In fact it can take more than a month to relieve the depression (Onder and Tural, 2002). Therefore, it raises the question if depression is caused because of the low serotonin levels in the brain then why the increasing levels did not change the symptoms right after. Another limitation of the theory i s the fact that the antidepressants does not work on every depressed person. For example recently it was found that antidepressant drugs work in approximately 60 percent of the depressive patients (Gartlehner, Hansen, Thieda, DeVeaugh-Geiss, Gaynes, Krebs, Lux, Morgan, Shumate, Monroe and Lohr, 2007). This again raises the debates whether the low serotonin levels were really responsible for depression. Also, the final problem of the theory is that it is expected that the decreased levels of serotonin in human brain will low the mood. However, several studies were not able to conclude it. Actually, it was found that despite the fact the serotonin is increased by the antidepressants, the lack of serotonin in the brain does not cause the depression (it is like having a stomachache and taking a pill to reduce the pain, however not taking the pill does not mean it started to hurt you because of that), (van der Veen, Evers, Deutz and Schmitt, 2007). Following this discussion it is important to conclude that the depressive disorder is not entirely caused by the serotonin levels in the brain. The monoamine theory of depression does not sufficiently explain the pathology and treatment of depression. It is a fact that human brain is a very complex place and there is a high probability that depression is caused by a combination of factors. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that mood disorders such as depression are definitely occurring as a result of combinations of factors such as genetic, biological and environmental. The discussion above made it clear that the low serotonin levels are not the cause of the depression. Even though antidepressants do not work on everyone, it is essential to examine the other things that these drugs are doing in the brain. Interestingly, recent study has found that the antidepressant drugs not only increase the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain but in fact they can also stimulate the birth of new neuron cells in the brain which is also called neurogenesis (Lucassen, Meerlo, Naylor, van Dam, Dayer, Fuchs, Oomen and Czeh, 2010). Over the past decade, researchers are arising their interest on the fundamental process called neuronal plasticity (or neuroplasticity) which allows the brain to receive information and also to respond in an appropriate way to the same stimuli. The most studied examples of the neural plasticity are learning and memory or in other words the hippocampus of the brain. However, the structures of the brain and the neural plasticity in it can be also activated by various of other stimuli. An example of these include the environmental, pharmacological, social and behavioural. In other words, brain can be stimulated to produce new cells by positive emotions, actions, thoughts etc. These include healthy diet, active lifestyle (sport), good and healthy relationships, sex or in generally being happy stimulate the brain to produce new cells. Pharmacological stimuli such as antidepressant drugs have also been found to increase the formation of new cells and then neurons. On the contrary, bad life style like binge drinking, smoking, having a stressful relationship, poor diet and chronically experience stress is associated with loss and death of brain cells, which on the other hands is believed to play an important role in the pathology of depression. Furthermore, according to the neurogenic hypothesis of depression, the reduced neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus lead to depression symptoms. Controversially, it has been suggested that the increased formation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus is associated with successful treatment of depression disorder. As a matter of fact it rapidly became clear that neural plasticity is one of the most important process that the human brain is able to perform and moreover it is closely associated with most of the functions of the nervous system (Duman, 2004). Having introduced the topic of neurogenesis or neuroplasticity, it is now necessary to look at the factors that suppress the formation of new cells and what influence the formation of the new one. Over the past 25 years a certain amount of excellent reviews have been written on the topic of depression and stress (Kessler, 1997; Paykel, 2003; Monroe Hadjiyannakis, 2002; Tenant, 2002). Many studies revealed that the experience of stress during the development of the brain is highly associated with impact on emotional and cognitive functions (Ammerman, Van Hasselt Hersen, 1991; Fernald Gunnar, 2009). Examples of stress events associated with vulnerability to stress related disorders later in life include poverty, loss of parent, divorce of parents, substance abuse of any of the parents, physical abuse etc. (Repetti, Taylor Seeman, 2002; Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer Murray, 2007; Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar Heim, 2009; Schore, 2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety are all stress related disorders which are considered as important part of chronic early life stress (CES) (Heim, Newport, Mletzko, Miller Nemeroff, 2008; Bremner, Southwick, Johnson, Yehuda Charney, 1993; MacMillarn et al., 2001). Interestingly, recent studies proposed that the loss of the neurons in the hippocampus may contribute to the developing of the depressive disorder. As a matter of fact, the hippocampus is one of the parts of the brain where the formation of neurons is a very essential process that takes place during the life of the humans and animals (Eriksson et al., 1998). Many researchers also reported that the neurogenesis in the hippocampus is able to be influenced by several factors one of which is stress (Kempermann et al., 1997; van Praag et al., 1999). In a number of studies was demonstrated that hippocampus plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of the major depressive disorder (Ho and Wang, 2010; MacMillarn et al., 2001). Moreover, in one recent stud y (Ho and Wang, 2010) confirmed the theory using animal models that stress and shock reduce the cells in the hippocampus and also that the long term use of antidepressant treatment can significantly reverse the effect. Another important evidence supporting the neurogenesis theory are the posmortem studies of the hippocampal tissue. By investigating the hippocampal tissue from depressed patients, researchers found reductions in the neuropil network as well as decline in the neurogenesis of the hippocampus (Sheline, Wand, Gado, Csernansky and Vannier, 1996; Sheline, Gado and Kraemer, 2003). Following the evidences that there is a possible link between the stress, depression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, a study of Malberg, Eisch, Nestler and Duman (2000) aimed to examine whether the treatment with antidepressant drug will influence the neurogenesis in the hippocampus of an adult rat. It is challenging and difficult to create an animal model that can completely represent the symptoms of depression. This is due to the fact that most of the animals do not have self-consciousness, thinking abilities and most importantly they are not able to indicate the symptoms of the depressive disorders such as the depressed mood, the low self-esteem, the suicidal desires etc. However, many mental disorders including depression, consists endophenotypes which allows to be evaluated in animals. Examples of these endophenotypes that can be observed in the animal model of depression are anhedonia, changes in appetite, behavioural hopelessness, weight gain, changes in sleep etc. (Hasle r et al., 2004). Moreover, brain responses to stress is similar in rodents (Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar and Heim, 2009).   So, in order to examine the effect that antidepressants have on the neurogenesis Malberg, Eisch, Nestler and Duman, (2000) examined adult rats. During the experiments, different kinds of antidepressant drugs were used for a period of 28 days. In order to find out the effects of the drugs on the cells there were two group of rats. In short, to one of the group was given antidepressant and to the other vehicle. To label the dividing cells, four days after the last antidepressant drug treatment rats were given a thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and one of them were killed after 24 hours (to measure the cell proliferation) and the other one were killed after another 28 days (to determine the phenotype). The results of the study revealed that continuously treatment with antidepressants increases the formation of new neurons in the hippocampus part of the brain of an adult rats. Another very important finding that this study demonstrated is the fact that antidepressants are increasing the neurogenesis after a chronic treatment (28 days) and not a straight after the intake of the drug (short term).   These results are also consistent with the results of several similar studies (Santarelli, Saxe, Gross, Surget, Battaglia, Duman et al., 2003;). Furthermore, few recent studies also examined the effects that antidepressant drug therapies have on the cognitive functions of healthy humans. Results in one of the studies (Mowla et al., 2007) demonstrated that antidepressants positively influence the memory and other cognitive functions in the old patients that have cognitive problems. Several other researchers also demonstrated that antidepressant drug treatment of depression is associated with improvements in memory and also the cognitive functions (Allain et al, 1992). To summarize, the neurogenesis theory has been supported by many researchers that also include animal studies. As stated earlier, antidepressant drugs were found to increase not only the levels of the neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) but also to increase the formation of the new cells in the brain on in other words the neurogenesis. It is generally widely known that during the life of a person new neurons are growing in the hippocampus. On the other hand, it was also found that stress is able to reduce the neurons in the hippocampus of the brain. However, nowadays there are a lot of evidences that taking antidepressant drugs for at least month will significantly increase the neurogenesis in the brain which at the same time will reduce the depression symptoms. In contrasts with the monoamine theory, neurogenesis theory takes the right amount of time to have an effect on the brain. Furthermore, many researchers are now trying to investigate the pa rt that neurogenesis plays in depression disorder. This at the same time will help to increase the production of new cells directly, rather than focusing the antidepressants on the neurotransmitters. However, there are still many debates whether there are real changes in the neurogenesis in the brain of the people suffering from depression (Werry, Enjetu, Halliday, Sachdev and Double, 2010). Further investigation of the neuroplasticity and the antidepressant treatments will lead to better understanding of the disorder and the development of new treatments. References Akiskal, H. (2000). S27.05 Temperamental dysregulations in mood disorders. European Psychiatry, 15, p.s268. Ammerman, R., Van Hasselt, V. and Hersen, M. (1991). Parent-Child Problem-Solving Interactions in Families of Visually Impaired Youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 16(1), pp.87-101. 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Gotlib Hammen, pp.314-40. Morgan, L., Gartlehner, G., Richard, H., Thieda, P., DeVeaugh-Geiss, A., Krebs, E., Monroe, L. and Lohr, K. (2012). P-1102 Comparative effectiveness of second generation antidepressants in the pharmacologic treatment of adult depression. European Psychiatry, 27, p.1. Mowla A, Mosavinasab M, Pani A (2007). Does fluoxetine have any effects on the cognition of patients with mild cognitive impairment? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharm 27: 67-70. Mireault, M., DeMan, A. (1996). Suicidal ideation among older adults: Personal  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   variables, stress and social support. Social Behavior and Personality, 24, 385-392. Mentalhealth.org.uk. (2016). Mental health statistics: the most common mental health problems. [online] Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-most-common-mental-health-problems [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. 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The neurobiology of aging and the neurobiology of depression: Is there a relationship?. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, pp.120-122. ÃÆ'-nder, E. and Tural, U. (2002). Faster response in depressive patients treated with fluoxetine alone than in combination with buspirone. Journal of Affective Disorders, 76(1-3), pp.223-227. Paykel, E. (2003). Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 108(3), pp.61-66. Sanders, A., Detera-Wadleigh, S. and Gershon, E. (1999). Molecular genetics of mood disorders. In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, pp.299-316. Tennant, C. (2002). Life events, stress and depression: a review of recent findings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(2), pp.173-182. van der Veen, F., Evers, E., Deutz, N. and Schmitt, J. (2007). Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Mood and Facial Emotion Perception Related Brain Activation and Performance in Healthy Women with and without a Family History of Depression. 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Tqm Final Project

ASSIGNMENT OF Total Quality Management Submitted To: Prof. Sajid Javaid Akbar Submitted By: M. Farhan Akhtar [Group Leader] Section: â€Å"D† Roll No: 835 B. Com (HONS), Semester: VI Topic: â€Å"Employee Involvement† HAILEY COLLEGE OF COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB |Sr # |Group members |Roll No. |1 |Muhammad Salman nisar |818 | |2 |Muhammad Uzair Bin Nasir |822 | |3 |Adnan Javed |830 | |4 |Muhammad Farhan Akhtar |835 | | |[Group Leader] | | |5 |Khizer Ali |875 | To Whom It May Concern: We allowed the group, lead by Mr. Muhammad Farhan Akhtar, of Hailey College of Commerce, to conduct the research for their course, Total Quality Management, on the topic of Employee Involvement. Nasir Mahmood Director, Madina Builders. |Sr # |Table of Contents |Page No. |1 |Executive Sumary |09 | |2 |Research Proposal Overview |11 | |3 |Research project Overview |15 | |4 |Observation and Preliminary Data Gathering |18 | |5 |Problem Definition |19 | |6 |Theoretical Framework |20 | |7 |Relationship Between Variables |25 | |8 |Hypothesis |27 | |9 |Questionnaire Sample |29 | |10 |Analysis And Interpretation |30 | |11 |Deduction |33 | |12 |Reference |34 | Acknowledgement First I bow my head before Almighty Allah who has enable me to write on this assignment.. I am also indebted to my respected Instructor Prof. Sajid Javaid Akbar whose guidance encouraged me in writing this Project. I am also thankful to my friends who provided me the help and suggestions when and where needed. Dedication We dedicated our project To our respected Teacher â€Å"Prof. Sajid Javaid Akbar† Proposal For EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT while working at MADINA TRADERS (a Construction Company).Executive Summary The purpose of the research report is to ascertain the level of EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT while working at MADINA TRADERS (a Construction Company). That the company realizes that their employees are not as involved as they should be , so being a researcher we conduct some research on it . We design a questionnaire related to their problem to the target Employees and distribute this questionnaire to the Employees to get their feedback to solve the problem. If you want to retain your Employees, learn what their expectations are and do what you can to increase their motivation level, their commitment and making work a positive experience.Managers are worried about the increasing hesitation and changing attitude of Employees so, in order to know the Employees Involvement level and want to identify the factors which cause the changing commitment & motivation level. The purpose of our study is to know how to improve the Employees Involvement level and its commitment at MADINA TRADERS. So that the management makes good efforts to ensure availability of good services to the customer. So, the research team of 5 members having research educational background will be assigned to study the factors. The scientific research design and methodology will be adopted for designing, c ollecting and analyzing the data and the results will be proposed to managers helping them get their reputation back. Before starting the research the appropriate time and budget is projected and allocated to the research.The non-probability sampling technique is used to construct the sample from at MADINA TRADERS. The data is collected through a structured questionnaire and some of the unstructured questions. [pic] Problem Statement: The management’s concern about Employees Involvement while working at Madina Builders. Research Objective: The purpose of our study is to know how to improve the Employees Involvement level and its commitment while working at Madina Builders. So that the management makes good efforts to ensure availability of good services to the customer. Literature Review: There’s a lot of research had already been done on while working at Madina Builders. But not as such in Pakistan. Importance of study:We are concern to while working at Madina Builder s, regarding working at Madina Builders. Research Design: ? Purpose of study: `Descriptive Study ? Unit of Analysis: Individuals ? Time Dimension: Cross sectional study ? Mode of investigation: Casual ? Sampling Design: Non-Probability ? Extent of researcher interface: Full control ? Data collection method: Primary Ethical Requirements: A good Ethical conduct will be adopted while conducting research. So that no body either respondent, sponsor or the research team suffer adverse consequences from research activities. Nature and form of result: Result is given in the following forms: ? Graphs ? Charts ? Description ? Tables etc†¦ Qualification of researcher:B. Com (HONS) 6th Semester†¦ Engage in class study project. Budget: The following are the cost which spent on this project. Cost summary Travel cost500 Questionnaire development250 Printing cost200 Data entry150 Refreshment during Interviews400 Telephone200 Total cost1700/- Schedule of project: ? Meeting among research t eam members. ? Meeting between Research team and management. ? Interaction with subject/respondent. ? Filling of questionnaire ? Making Project Report Facilities and Special resources: We are expecting Coordination and corporation from the management of the Departmental Store. [pic][pic] Project Report On â€Å"EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT†Phases and task steps in Project Study Phase I: Determination of the information research problem. Task Step 1: Determine and clarify management’s information needs. Task Step 2: Redefine the management problem as a research problem. Task Step 3: Establish research objectives and determine the value of the information. Phase II: Development of the appropriate research design. Task Step 4: Determine and evaluate the research design and data sources. Task Step 5: Determine the sample plan and sample size. Task Step 6: Determine the measurement issues and scales. Phase III: Execution of the research design. Task Step 7: Collect and process data .Task Step 8: Analyze data. Task Step 9: Transform data structures into information. Phase IV: Communication of the results. Task Step 10: Prepare and present final report to management. Background Here we give the history and information of the company. The firm was established about Three years ago with a motive of flourishing and providing better emplacement opportunities to the people concerning this business and also to earn livelihood for us and for our employees. Principal of the company 1. Mr. Mahhmood Ghaznavi (DAE Civil) 2. Mr. Nasir Mahmood (CA finalist) Company Profile Name of Company Madina Builders Engineers, contractors& General order suppliersAddress Office No # 4, Forth floor, Zuhra Heights, Main Market, Gulberg, Lahore. List of Employees 1. B. Sc Civil Engineer2 2. B. Sc Mechanical Engineer1 3. Sub Engineer2 4. Quality Surveyor1 5. Work Supervisor3 6. Operator Cum Mechanic1 7. Skilled Labor6 8. Labor9 9. Plumber1 10. Electrician1 11. Peon2 12. Driver 2 13. Chokidar 3 Step 1: Observation The manager of the departmental store observes that customers are perhaps not as pleased as they used to be. The manager may not be certain that this is really the problem but may experience anxiety and some uneasiness that customer satisfaction is on the decline. Step 2: Preliminary data gatheringAs we study the manager’s observation we discover the undisguised structured, direct and non-participant observation. ? Employees qualify to be the participant of data collection. ? The management’s concern about Employees Involvement while working at Madina Builders (a Construction Company). ? We get Employees response at the work days because of the availability of majority of the Employees. ? Direct interaction with Employees through Questionnaires and interviews. ? The place of study is a Construction site. Purpose of preliminary data collection. Our purpose to collect preliminary to identify and solve the management problem. And to convert manageme nt problem into research problem.Sources of Data Collection: ? Questionnaire ? Interviews ? Observation ? Survey ? Internet ? Books ? Publications ? Journals Primary data collecting will help us to develop a theoretical framework and a testable hypothesis and to solve the problem with precision and clarity and ensure us that important variable is not left out from the study. So our efforts are not wasted on the already known things to the management. Step 3: Problem Definition â€Å"Decrease in Motivation and Employee Involvement level† Step 4: Theoretical Framework Introduction to EMPLOYEES INVOLVEMENT: Getting employees' ideas and getting their involvement is critical in our rapidly changing world.If your company is going to be competitive, it's mandatory to involve not just hands, but the ideas from everyone in your organization. by Gregory P. Smith Why is it important to capture ideas and suggestions? For starters, the process improves individual motivation and morale. In volvement programs help capture the creativity, energy, and ideas many people have. They also allow departments and individuals to work cross-functionally, and create an environment of learning and constant renewal. They improve work methods and processes continually, reduce the costs of doing business, improve safety, and reduce accidents. Exchanging ideas always improves communication and the knowledge that top management is open and willing to act on the ideas improves trust.Instead of passing untested ideas up the chain of command, the employee who originates an idea has responsibility for its achievement. They follow a three-step work process: ? Study it ? Pilot it ? Adopt it Idea Campaigns. Most suggestion programs fail. Suggestion boxes sit and collect dust and approved suggestions are few and far between. An effective variation to the suggestion program is the Idea Campaign. Over and done with in three weeks, this steroid-enriched campaign generates hundreds of ideas. The go al is to get at least one idea from everyone in the organization. For the first idea, each person receives a small token of appreciation such as a coffee cup.A second idea is acknowledged with another form of appreciation. At the end of each week, a special award ceremony recognizes everyone who turned in ideas or suggestions Suggestion System: ? An employee (associate) idea process openly invites ideas from individuals or groups in an organization. ? Each idea is treated with respect, fairly evaluated and every effort is made to work toward its timely closure, striving to implement every idea possible. ? Feedback and mentoring is invested with the participants so they can clearly define their ideas and the future ideas they develop. ? All people involved in the process are appropriately recognized and acknowledged for their efforts. A result of the process improves all aspects of the organization and is a rewarding experience for participants. Employee involvement in Total Quality Management Total Quality Management is one of the major â€Å"workplace change† programmes used in Britain, but few studies have addressed the effects on employees. New research evidence questions optimistic and pessimistic accounts, finding that TQM is widely welcomed but that it does not lead to â€Å"empowerment†, and that success depends on certain conditions, notably job security. Employee Involvement Analysis falls into two main types: ? optimistic texts, which often prescribe ways of implementing TQM and assume a welcome from employees; and ? ritical studies, which either (a) equate TQM with intensified managerial control under the pretence of â€Å"empowerment† or (b) accept that TQM can be effective, but argue that in practice poor implementation has undermined this promise. The critical studies often argue that TQM undermines the representative role of trade unions by strengthening direct links between employer and employee. (a) Employee views More tha n four-fifths of the sample of employees saw quality as the crucial issue for their organisations or as very important. Almost two-thirds felt that employees had a â€Å"great deal† or a â€Å"fair amount† of influence over quality, and over 70 per cent felt that their own involvement in problem-solving had increased. Five employees in six identified the presence of meetings designed for problem-solving.Of the sample, 72% felt that there had been an increase in communication activity recently. The most favourably evaluated method was team briefing, followed by informal communication with individual managers. It was direct, face-to-face, communication which employees most valued. Workers also reported more stress and higher levels of work effort. A key result was that reported levels of trust between management and worker were no higher than in organisations without TQM initiatives. (b) Management and worker expectations Many proponents of TQM claim that it â€Å"empow ers† workers. Critics equate it with work intensification and stress. The study finds that neither picture is accurate.Managements in the organisations studied did not use the language of empowerment and had more pragmatic goals. One manager summed this up: â€Å"empowerment is not a word used at local level; we can and do involve people more but we need to have constraints†. Workers reported higher effort levels, but most liked the pace at which they worked. Those who were working harder and who were most subject to the measurement of their performance were also the most likely to favour quality programmes. These programmes seem to promote a narrowly focused but real sense of discipline and purpose, rather than being a means to make workers work harder, the report concludes. c) Conditions for success Acceptance of TQM was greatest where several conditions prevailed. ? A strong sense of job security was a key element in encouraging acceptance of quality initiatives. ? T raining was important; it was not the overall amount which mattered, but the extent to which programmes were specifically linked to quality or teamwork. ? Cooperative relationships with employee representatives were an important element in easing the acceptance of TQM. All the case study firms were unionised, and it was found that firms which maintained working relationships with their unions were also the most likely to maintain their quality programmes effectively. Short-term pressures tended to undermine TQM initiatives. They were of two kinds: production pressures, which made it hard for quality activities to be maintained; and financial pressures, which could reduce the resources for and commitment to TQM. Do employee involvement and TQM programs work? The employee involvement literature emphasizes design of the work and business units for fuller business involvement and employee motivation. In addition, employee involvement emphasizes making the employee a stakeholder in busin ess performance There is a strong correlation between the adoption of employee involvement approaches and the use of TQM practices†¦The extent to which companies employ the core TQM practices, the production-oriented practices, collaboration with customers, and cost-of-quality monitoring all have a highly significant relationship to our measure of overall employee involvement use. The relationship to the development of knowledge and skills is particularly strong, demonstrating the strong emphasis in TQM programs on the development of skills. TQM's relationship to power sharing is also very strong, reflecting the focus in TQM on problem solving and decision making groups in general and on work cells and teams. The findings with respect to the combined impact of TQM and El are not unexpected: most TQM proponents advocate high levels of employee involvement as part of their TQM efforts.However, the findings do make a very important point: the impact of TQM programs that do not als o include El practices will be less positive both for employee outcomes and for performance outcomes. TQM Defined TQM is a management philosophy that seeks to integrate all organizational functions (marketing, finance, design, engineering, and production, customer service, etc. ) to focus on meeting customer needs and organizational objectives. TQM is the foundation for activities, which include: ? Commitment by senior management and all employees ? Meeting customer requirements ? Reducing development cycle times ? Just In Time/Demand Flow Manufacturing ? Improvement teams ? Reducing product and service costs ? Systems to facilitate improvement ? Line Management ownership ? Employee involvement and empowerment ? Recognition and celebration Challenging quantified goals and benchmarking ? Focus on processes / improvement plans ? Specific incorporation in strategic planning There are three major mechanisms of prevention: 1. Preventing mistakes (defects) from occurring 2. Where mistakes can't be absolutely prevented, detecting them early to prevent them being passed down the value added chain (Inspection at source or by the next operation). 3. Where mistakes recur, stopping production until the process can be corrected, to prevent the production of more defects. (Stop in time). Identify Variables At this step we identify the possible variables and elaborate the relationship among them.Then we describe the nature and direction of these variables. Identify variables: ? Wages ? Working place ? Working hours ? Management behavior ? employees participation Labeling: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES Relation between Variables INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES Step 5: Generation of Hypothesis ? If wages are good than the Employee involvement will increase. ? If working place is good than the Employee involvement will increase. ? If working hours are suitable than the Employee involvement will increase. ? If management behavior is good than the Employee i nvolvement will increase. If employees are allowed to express their view than the Employee involvement will increase. Possible Outcomes: Possibility 1. ? If wages > than the > Employee involvement ? If working place > than the > Employee involvement ? If working hours < than the > Employee involvement ? If management behavior > than the > Employee involvement ? If employee participation > than the > Employee involvement Possibility 2: ? If wages < than the < Employee involvement ? If working place < than the < Employee involvement ? If working hours > than the < Employee involvement ? If management behavior < than the < Employee involvement If employee participation < than the < Employee involvement Step 6: Research Design As we know that decrease in Employee Involvement level is our current problem, so that’s why we design research in such a way that after conducting research we will able to identify, what the main causes of that particular problem. In this section we follow the following steps: Sample Selection In this we select the sample (to whom we are going to research). i-e number of person. Data collection We did test the questionnaire with a small sample of Employees using Construction site. The instruments submitted for design an effective questionnaire and then distributed as we can. QuestionnaireWe are conducting a research to know Employee’s Satisfaction level while working at Madina Builders. Q-1 Are You Happy With Behavior Of: Good Average Poor 1. Top Management 2. Colleagues Q-2 Facilities Provided By Company: Yes No Transport Medical Other Q-3 Are You happy With The Working Environment: YesNoNo opinion Q-4 Are Wages & Salaries Paid On Time : YesNoNo opinion Q-5 Working Hours Are In Accordance With The Labor Law: YesNoNo opinion Q-6 You Are Provided The Necessary Tools & Machinery For Work: Yes NO No opinion Q-7 Your Experience Of Working At Madina Builders : ExcellentGoodBad Q-8 Any improvement you want in Madina Builders? (Sugge stions) | Survey collected by: Step 7: Analysis and Interpretation DATA ANALYSES: We reviewed the questionnaire which return and make a weekly report listing Employees who were dissatisfied or who submit negative comments. We improved timeline in resolving Employees complaints each month we make a report consisting of frequencies and category percentages for each question. We proposed to include at least one question dealing with overall satisfaction. A performance grid will identify items need improvement with an evaluation of priority.Interpretation of data with the help of graphs: [pic] Employees are satisfied with the behavior of: [pic] Facilities Provided By Company: [pic] Employees are happy with the environment: [pic] Working Hours Are In Accordance With The Labor Law: |Variables: |% of | | |Persons | |Yes |71 | |No |20 | |No Opinion |9 | Figures in %age* Step 8: Deduction We all the group members worked with devotion to identify the variables that affect the sale. We worked in a team and experienced the quality of team building in us.Every member of us has done her work on the given time, which the team leader assigns to every member. In this time span in which we complete our project, there is a management in our whole session. For example, time management, self management, financial management etc. So from all above study there is a reason to believe that there are certain factors responsible for the specific problem upon which we are focused our research. We identified all factors and give suggestions in form of Hypothesis which contribute to bring back the desired Consumers Satisfaction level. Conclusions: TQM encoureges participation amongst shop floor workers and managers.There is no single theoretical formalization of total quality, but Deming, Juran and Ishikawa provide the core assumptions, as a â€Å"†¦ discipline and philosophy of management which institutionalizes planned and continuous†¦ improvement †¦ and assumes that qua lity is the outcome of all activities that take place within an organization; that all functions and all employees have to participate in the improvement process; that organizations need both quality systems and a quality culture. â€Å". â€Å"Quality programmes can†, the study says, â€Å"be seen as catalysts†, bringing out workers' willingness to take responsibility and providing a focus and rationale for efforts at involvement.But involvement remained within tight limits and there were several factors, notably insecurity and financial constraints, which could undercut the promise of quality programmes. â€Å"The challenge†, the study concludes, â€Å"is to maintain TQM in the face of external pressures†. References Websites: Employee Involvement (www. employeeinvolvement. com) Search Engine (www. google. com) Appendices ? Questionnaire ? Charts ? Graphs ? Tables [pic][pic] ———————– Participation Behavior Hours Employee Involvement Place ice Wages Participation Behavior Hours Employee Involvement Place Wages Determination of information research problem Execution of the research design Development of research design Communication of the results Phase II Phase I Phase III Phase IV